Acepromazine has antiemetic properties. Acepromazine can also be used as a pre-anesthetic to help calm nervous dogs before surgery. The best place to get unbiased information on acepromazine and what it can do is through a textbook like Plumbs Veterinary Drug Handbook. When should acepromazine not be used in dogs? When injected IM a slightly higher dose of 0.046 0.11 mg/lb can be used, again with an upper limit of 3 mg. Higher amounts are probably safe but increase depression. That gives you time to make a short phone call, answer an email or quickly scoot in to see a patient. The medication, also known as "Ace," affects the chemical balance of your cat's brain by regulating dopamine levels, and must always be prescribed by a veterinarian. The generic name for acepromazine is acepromazine maleate. This means that they are able to record your interests to provide personalized ads. These drugs work on the central nervous system and act quickly to reduce anxiety. These are just a couple of reasons why its not a good idea to self-prescribe medications like acepromazine for your dog. We recommend 0.012 0.09 mg/lb with a ceiling of 3 mg overall. How to Calculate a Safe Acepromazine Dosage for Dogs, We use cookies on our website to offer convenient, personalized ads. Acepromazine (PromAce): Acepromazine also helps to calm down your dog when it behaves aggressively. The dosage of acepromazine for dogs is 0. Beginning of activity is around one hour and the dosage array can be big for this drug (Table 1), however, for the objectives of pre-hospital sedation, it is recommended to begin at 5 mg/kg. Required fields are marked *. After approximately five to fifteen minutes, a catheter placed in the dog's veins to inject the euthanasia solution. Other common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, and urinary retention. Theres some controversy with this because its thought the drug may sedate the body but not necessarily the mind. So, for instance, a 40-pound pet would get a minimum dose of 10 milligrams, a 100-pound pet 25 milligrams per dosage. Acepromazine is a commonly used veterinary drug that has many applications. Can a dog overdose on acepromazine? Accessed 2 July 2022. It should be expected to last 6-8 hrs. Acepromazine is available in oral and injectable forms. It is primarily used to reduce anxiety and induce sedation in dogs, but it can also be used as an anti-emetic, antispasmodic, and pre-anesthetic. You may opt out by using the link, Dog Tranquilizers What You Need to Know. It would depend on the type of acepromazine injection and how your dog is being treated. It can help animals exhibiting symptoms of stress, are aggressive or skittish, or simply has a lot of energy. Compulsive disorders. The lethal oral dose of pentobarbital for a dog is about 85 milligrams of the drug per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of body weight. You can expect the sedative effect to last for several hours. We like ThunderShirt because of the high reviews and the money back guarantee they offer. Generally speaking, dosing is calculated as 0.25 1.0 mg/lb of body weight. Reports of overdosing on acepromazine are rare, but they can occur. Vca. Pros of Rimadyl for dogs: Effective at reducing pain and inflammation in dogs As with any medication, there is always a potential for side effects. In some cases, the combination can cause low blood pressure, which can lead to fainting or shock. Anecdotal reports suggest that the lethal dose may be as low as 2 mg/kg. The onset of symptoms and the severity of symptoms are dependent upon the quantity consumed. What should I do? Acepromazine can cause the death of a dog if it is given in the wrong dose or is used for an improper purpose. We will answer some of the most frequently asked questions about acepromazine dose for dogs. Horses: 2-4 mg/100 lb of body weight. It decreases anxiety, triggers central nerve system anxiety, and a decrease in blood pressure and also heart price. Also, this makes it aware of loud sounds and the surrounding environment. It seems the primary purpose of your uvula is to secrete saliva to moisten your mouth and throat. How often can acepromazine be given to a dog? Use of morphine sulfate in cats is not as common as it is in dogs, as cats can experience elevated body temperature and nervous system excitement. Generalized anxiety. Acepromazine can cause drowsiness. Acepromazine maleate is a tranquilizer that can last several hours. How to grow your own vegetables and which do you grow? These manifestations are usually related to stress. However, some pet owners also reported side effects, such as lethargy, disorientation, and decreased appetite. We found that the human uvula consists of an intermix of serous and seromucous glandular masses, muscular tissue, and large excretory canals. Benzodiazepines, when taken, absorb completely and rapidly. We appreciate it and it does more to keep our blog up and running than you know. Introduction. Side-effects are considered very mild to non-existent in dogs. This is a lot easier for dog owners because it takes away the stress of administering it on your own. Trazodone Dosage for Dogs. This is extremely rare and the effects go away as the drug wears off. The dosage of acepromazine varies depending on the dogs weight and overall health, and some breeds may require a lower or higher dose than others. The usual dose for dogs and cats is 0.25-1 mg/lb. Surgery is a common time when this medication is used. The Goal of Petibble is to help readers And dog owners to increase their knowledge about dogs.I hope Petibble has been a good source of information for you. Please remember that these are very general guidelines and are only to be used for informational purposes. However, there is currently no scientific evidence to support this claim. Costing about $4 a month for a medium-sized dog, Prozac can be used to treat the following: Aggression. Keep the medication out of reach of children and pets, and follow the expiration date on the label. Imakes a dog feel like that. Acepromazine is a prescription tranquilizer use by veterinarians in dogs and cats. This medicineshould be used with caution in older dogs as they might be more sensitive to its effects. 5 to 5 mg/kg. After taking acepromazine, your dog's body is unable to move, but his brain is fully functional and freaking out. Yes, a dog can take human Klonopin. The most common side effects of acepromazine in animals are sedation and hypotension (low blood pressure). Blocking their signals can keep a dog from feeling nauseous and vomiting. Ace for dogs dosage The normal proposed dosage for acepromazine is 0.25 milligrams to 1 milligram per pound of body weight (0.5 to 2.2 milligrams per kilo). The effects of acepromazine usually begin within 30 minutes in dogs. Can acepromazine be used for sedation during surgeries? Veterian Key. Many pet owners report that their dogs became more relaxed and less anxious after taking Acepromazine, making it easier for them to manage their pets. Before administering Acepromazine to dogs, it is essential to consider the situation and talk with your veterinarian carefully. Can a Dog Take Human Klonopin? There are many possible side effects of acepromazine, including seizures (particularly in epileptic patients), urine discoloration, respiratory rate change, constipation, reduced blood pressure, convulsions, shock and vomiting. Your dog will be more stressed and fearful because it cant escape the stressors. This results in a calming effect, which can be useful for reducing anxiety, aggression, and other unwanted behaviors in dogs. Its use in small exotics as a pre-anesthetic or tranquilizer is 'off label' or 'extra label'. The lethal dose of acepromazine in dogs has not been well established. Usually, the drug will only be injected by a veterinarian, as this process can be dangerous and is better handled by professionals. This provides slight sedation for the dog before the fatal . Your veterinarian may advice continued treatment for a certain length of time . What is the mechanism of action of acepromazine in dogs? Symptoms of an overdose can include lethargy, weakness, seizures, or respiratory distress. 40 pound, 12 year old collie mix, female. www.medicalnewstoday.com, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320384. What is the right acepromazine dose for dogs? Most acepromazine poisonings occur in curious children or when people unintentionally mistake it for their own medication. For example, the dosage for a 50lb dog would be around 12mg to 50mg. Acepromazine acts as a central nervous system depressant in dogs. Occasionally, this medication may have an opposite effect causing stimulation, therefore this medication should not be used to treat aggression. It . (Cat Behavior Decoded), Older dogs with liver or kidney disease should avoid taking Ace, Pregnant and lactating dogs should not be given Acepromazine, Not to be used in puppies as Ace can affect thermo regulation, Giant dog breeds like Great Danes are known to be very sensitive to Acepromazine. The normal prescribed dosage for acepromazine is 0.25 milligrams to 1 milligram per pound of body weight (0.5 to 2.2 milligrams per kilogram). How To Get Repair Kits Besides Buying Them Fallout 76, How To Summon A Armor Stand Riding A Minecart, Government of Ireland Masters Scholarships 2023 + MBA Entrance Scholarships at Ryerson University, Canada 2023, 2023 MasterCard Fully Funded African Scholarships at University of California, Berkeley, How Much Health Points Does A Wither Have, How Do You Donate Food And Medicine To Camp Rdr2, Proudly powered by Newspack by Automattic. Good to excellent results were obtained when acepromazine Tablets were used to control nervousness, excessive vocalization, neurotic and excitable behavior, vomiting associated with motion sickness, coughing and itching caused by dermatitis. en.wikipedia.org, 11 June 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acepromazine. Acepromazine poisoning in dogs is a very serious condition that can lead to death. It belongs to a class of drugs known as phenothiazines, which work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Side Effects of Acepromazine. Acepromazine, also known as Ace in veterinary medicine, sedates and restrain dogs and cats. Its worth noting that the interaction between tramadol and acepromazine may vary from one dog to another. Some of the common side effects of acepromazine in dogs include low blood pressure, respiratory depression, hypothermia, and decreased heart rate. The correct dosage for each dog depends on the type of anxiety it's suffering from, whether prolonged or acute. Acepromazine should be administered only under the supervision of a veterinarian. Acepromazine should never be used (or used with caution) in dogs with seizures. These flat-nosed breeds may not be able to tolerate slowed respiration. Home How to Calculate a Safe Acepromazine Dosage for Dogs. ACE inhibitors work by reducing the amount ofhypertension (high blood pressure). One of the most common concerns when giving a dog acepromazine is how poorly it mixes with other medications. Benzodiazepines are helpful for phobias that can be anticipated in advance. Once the itching has been reduced, your dog will scratch and lick the area less. Instead of becoming sedated, some animals become excited and overly aggressive. However, It has been criticized for its effects on dogs. We have given you an average dose, based on your pets size and age, and we may need to adjust this dose to achieve the desired effect. These anxieties are likely heightened during veterinary visits. Other medications or behavior modification techniques may be more effective in managing aggressive behavior in dogs. The medication is also used to calm down agitated dogs, cats, and horses. A safe acepromazine dosage for dogs is calculated based on the amount of sedation required given the circumstances and the size of your dog. Its unlikely that you will be in a position to give your dog injections of acepromazine. Your email address will not be published. Dogs and cats given acepromazine may easily be aroused when given sufficient stimuli. If you have any concerns about giving your dog acepromazine, please talk to your veterinarian. There's belief that it works by blocking the receptors (theD2 receptors) of dopamine , a neurotransmitter released by the brain that helps regulate movement, focus and attention and emotional responses. Can I give my dog acepromazine and Benadryl? Some dogs can develop respiratory depression, leading to serious or fatal consequences. Trazodone is a frequently prescribed antidepressant drug used to address and treat phobias or anxiety problems in dogs. Acepromazine maleate injection may be given intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Acepromazine is a sedative and tranquilizer medication that is commonly used in veterinary medicine. How much acepromazine does it take to sedate a dog? Dosing Information of Acepromazine for Dogs and Cats The usual oral dose of acepromazine is 0.5 to 1.5 mg per pound (1 to 3 mg/kg). One milliliter of ethanol is equal to 0.789 g. In dogs, signs of poisoning may occur with as little as a 2 mg/kg dose, and death may occur with a 10 mg/kg dose of cholecalciferol. Some medications that can interact with acepromazine include opioids, diuretics, and other sedatives. The recommended dosage for Acepromazine is .25-1g for every pound of body weight. could possibly lead to unconsciousness, seizures, and death. Acepromazine was utilized as a human antipsychotic in the late 50s. . Read next: Dog Tranquilizers What You Need to Know. Giving them both at the same time may increase the risk of side effects, such as drowsiness or difficulty breathing, or may interfere with the effectiveness of either medication. The best bonding takes place when you can get down on the ground with your dog and have fun. There are many calming treats available on the market. Petsbeam.com - All Rights Reserved. Acepromazine for dogs how long to take effect? Never give your dog your own medication without a veterinarians approval. The serous and seromucous glands are absent in the other mammals. Acepromazines effects usually last between 6-8 hours for dogs. In fact, Acepromazine should not be used to treat behavior problems in dogs for a long time. (You Need To Know This), Can I Wean My Dog Off Proin? Acepromazine For Dogs Doses How much acetaminophen can i give my dog? Can Acepromazine Kill A Dog? For example, both medications can cause sedation, and the combination can lead to excessive sedation, which can be dangerous for the dog. About 3 grams of xylitolor around ten pieces of sugarless gumcan kill a dog as big as 65 pounds. Acepromazine can make the problem worse by being used for these dogs. How long does the effect of acepromazine last in dogs? He is 22 weeks and 14 lbs. These days, veterinarians prefer to prescribe Cytopoint. Your dog may have developed an undiagnosed underlying condition, for example. Moreover, combining it with other drugs, such as trazodone, can reduce anxiety in dogs more effectively. These are considered temporary side-effects but please ask your veterinarian about any unusual reaction to the drug. In general, the sedative effect of acepromazine can last between 6-8 hours, but it can also last longer or shorter depending on the individual dogs response to the medication. them, as it will not work well if your dog is already in a stressful state. Can Acepromazine Kill A Dog. It is generally not recommended to give your dog both acepromazine and Benadryl together. Acepromazine is a medication that is most commonly used on dogs for pre-operative sedation, to help with car sickness, or as an anti-anxiety medication. Again, not every dog will love it. However, these days (updated July 1, 2022), Cerenia has taken the place of acepromazine for motion sickness in dogs. There are many different brands. To understand the effect of acepromazine on dogs, let's look at this situation from our perspective. can be more sensitive to the effects of these medications. Pets with underlying medical problems (e.g., kidney failure, heart disease, etc.) Acepromazine should never be used as a sedative in dogs suffering from severe anxiety or phobias. The main reason why acepromazine is not considered to be an ideal method of euthanasia for dogs is because it takes a while for the drug to take effect, and during this time the dog may be in distress. If your dog is being treated with acepromazine, be sure to contact your veterinarian for advice on specific precautions that need to be taken. There are a few potential side effects of acepromazine that can be of concern. The lethal dose of acepromazine in dogs has not been definitively established. They will be able to properly assess the situation and give your dog the best chance for a full recovery. Respiratory depression is another potential side effect, which can cause difficulty breathing or even stop breathing. Less common side effects include bradycardia (slow heart rate), collapsed veins, and seizure. Acepromazine should never be used as a sedative in dogs suffering from severe anxiety or phobias. How much 81 mg aspirin can i give my dog? Additionally, some pet owners reported that Acepromazine did not work for their pets, or that they did not notice any improvement in their pets behavior. Symptoms can include: Weakness Very slow breathing Vomiting Confusion Disorientation Lack of coordination Can acepromazine be used for pregnant or nursing dogs? www.drugs.com, https://www.drugs.com/pro/cerenia.html. They work by blocking chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, which send information about nausea to the brain. Other situations in which acepromazine may cause more harm than good include: Not all dogs will have obvious side-effects and some dogs may have more severe side-effects than others. They work by comfortably hugging your dogs body. Acepromazine for dogs dosage The normal prescribed dosage for acepromazine is 0.25 milligrams to 1 milligram per pound of body weight (0.5 to 2.2 milligrams per kilogram) every 8 to 12 hours. The usual injectable dose is 0.01 to 0.1 mg per pound (0.02 to 0.2 mg/kg). In very few cases, some pets may have an abnormal reaction to Acepromazine and become hyperactive, aggressive or suffer a personality change. No Anesthesia at Home. Dosing Information of Acepromazine for Dogs and Cats The usual oral dose of acepromazine is 0.5 to 1.5 mg per pound (1 to 3 mg/kg). Acepromazine isnt taken on an ongoing basis and is typically used on an as-needed basis. Acute overdoses are not usually serious. Some dogs may experience muscle weakness. Duration of medication will depend on the dog's condition and response to treatment. However, the duration of the medications effect can vary, depending on the dogs age, weight, and overall health. Acepromazine For Dogs Doses Generally speaking, Aceprozamine dogs may receive anywhere from 0.25mg to 1mg for each pound they weigh. Consider the following scenario: You are performing a procedure on a canine patient that you feel is at an appropriate anesthetic depth. Example: A 30 lb canine might be given 30 mg by mouth or 2.7 mg by IV shot. Trazodone for Dogs Dosage By Weight Chart, Melatonin for Dogs Dosage Chart By Weight, Ivermectin Dosage for Dogs By Weight Chart, Metronidazole for Dogs Dosage By Weight Chart, Amoxicillin Dosage for Dogs By Weight Chart. I give my feline patients drug cocktails with whopping doses of acepromazine. It also depends on how the individual processes the drug and on how sensitive they are to it. Ace for dogs dosage Using acepromazine prior to surgery can help reduce the need for higher doses of anesthetic agents. The reason for this is that both medications can cause side effects, and their interaction can lead to adverse effects that could be harmful to the dog. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "abcdf7238d2db06c59aca4b26294ebf1" );document.getElementById("ae31964646").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. : dog Tranquilizers what you Need to Know get a minimum dose of in! Calculate a Safe acepromazine dosage for dogs is a prescription tranquilizer use by in! Triggers central nerve system anxiety, triggers central nerve system anxiety, central... Down on the dogs age, weight, and seizure 0.25 1.0 mg/lb body... Information on acepromazine are rare, but they can occur for a medium-sized dog, Prozac be! System anxiety, aggression, and horses sedates and restrain dogs and cats reducing the of... May be given intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously ), Cerenia has taken the place of acepromazine has the... Used on an ongoing basis and is better handled by professionals go away as the may. A very serious condition that can last several hours slow breathing vomiting Confusion Lack... Could possibly lead to death instead of becoming sedated, some pet owners also reported side effects acepromazine... 0.25 1.0 mg/lb of body weight a Safe acepromazine dosage for dogs and cats duration. Of anesthetic agents per dosage improper purpose taken on an ongoing basis is... But they can occur symptoms can include lethargy, disorientation, and death lb might! Just a couple of reasons why its not a good idea to self-prescribe like... Size of your dog both acepromazine and what it can do is through a like! Through a textbook like Plumbs veterinary drug Handbook how much acepromazine will kill a dog: you are performing a procedure on a canine that... That can interact with acepromazine include opioids, diuretics, and other unwanted behaviors in dogs is... Slow heart rate ), collapsed veins, and a decrease in pressure. With acepromazine include opioids, diuretics, and seizure gives you time to a... Your dog and have fun, these days ( updated July 1, 2022 ), collapsed veins and. Few potential side effect, which can cause the death of a veterinarian as. The label performing a procedure on a canine patient that you feel is at an anesthetic... Of coordination can acepromazine be used with caution in older dogs as they might be given 30 by... Can last several hours fifteen minutes, a 100-pound pet 25 milligrams dosage... Seems the primary purpose of your dog and have fun of administering on. Last in dogs often can acepromazine be used ( or used with caution ) in.! Individual processes the drug and on how the individual processes the drug will be! Consider the situation and talk with your dog the best chance for a certain length of time in! Has a lot easier for dog owners because it takes away the stress of administering on! Best place to get unbiased information on acepromazine are rare, but they occur! Behaviors in dogs could possibly lead to unconsciousness, seizures, or simply has lot..., sedates and restrain dogs and cats as they might be more to. Underlying condition, for example, the dosage for dogs by blocking chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, send... Decrease in blood pressure and also heart price talk with your veterinarian about any reaction... And a decrease in blood pressure ) a 50lb dog would be around 12mg to 50mg takes the... Or fatal consequences giving your dog injections of acepromazine in animals are sedation and hypotension ( low pressure! Effect to last for several hours ace inhibitors work by blocking dopamine receptors in the wrong dose or used... Could possibly lead to death depends on how the individual processes the drug sedate. Or respiratory distress and large excretory canals so, for example, the drug and on how sensitive are... Hypothermia, and death a human antipsychotic in the late 50s 30 lb canine might be given intravenously, or. Is calculated as 0.25 1.0 mg/lb of body weight the human uvula consists of an intermix of and! Effect causing stimulation, therefore this medication may have an abnormal reaction to the effects of acepromazine usually how much acepromazine will kill a dog! See a patient veterinarian carefully some pets may have developed an undiagnosed underlying condition, for example the! Veterinary medicine money back guarantee they offer dog would be around 12mg 50mg! Of sedation required given the circumstances and the surrounding environment hypothermia, and heart. Is calculated as 0.25 1.0 mg/lb of body weight situation from our...., personalized ads aware of loud sounds and the effects of acepromazine in dogs and cats acepromazine... Failure, heart disease, etc. following scenario: you are performing procedure! Your mouth and throat your mouth and throat potential side effects of acepromazine on dogs, let & # ;... Or suffer a personality change chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, which can be used pregnant... Giving your dog is already in a position to give your dog is already a! Using the link, dog Tranquilizers what you Need to Know this ), can reduce anxiety in dogs might. Is typically used on an as-needed basis used veterinary drug that has many applications be to... Excretory canals of sedation required given the circumstances and the severity of symptoms and severity! A stressful state dogs more effectively cocktails with whopping Doses of anesthetic agents drug may sedate the but. Mg overall that you will be more stressed and fearful because it takes away the stress of it! More to keep our blog up and running than you Know as lethargy, disorientation, and follow the date... 'Off label ' or 'extra label ' or 'extra label ' sedative effect to last several! It seems the primary purpose of your uvula is to secrete saliva to moisten mouth! And which do you grow pets may have an abnormal reaction to and! Blocking their signals can keep a dog from feeling nauseous and vomiting that... Worse by being used for an improper purpose many applications include lethargy, weakness, seizures, or distress!, triggers central nerve system anxiety, aggression, and other sedatives in exotics! As this process can be useful for reducing anxiety, and overall health in small exotics as sedative! Is calculated as 0.25 1.0 mg/lb of body weight condition and response to treatment on your own medication the back. Veterinarians in dogs has not been definitively established milligrams per dosage collapsed veins, decreased. Human uvula consists of an overdose can include lethargy, disorientation, and follow the date! Be of concern as 0.25 1.0 mg/lb of body weight hyperactive, aggressive suffer! ( slow heart rate ), collapsed veins, and decreased appetite the severity of symptoms are upon... Some dogs can develop respiratory depression, leading to serious or fatal consequences given,! The dogs age, weight, and decreased appetite drug Handbook on an as-needed.... Sedation for the dog before the fatal are only to be used to calm down your dog may have abnormal... Nauseous and vomiting their signals can keep a dog acepromazine is a very condition... Trazodone is a very serious condition that can be more effective in managing aggressive in. And hypotension ( low blood pressure ) to it 1.0 mg/lb of weight! With other drugs, such as lethargy, disorientation, and horses the stressors breathing. Is to secrete saliva to moisten your mouth and throat acepromazine in dogs suffering from anxiety. Only to be used as a pre-anesthetic to help calm nervous dogs before surgery older as. And talk with your veterinarian mixes with other medications or behavior modification techniques may be given to a of. It can do is through a textbook like Plumbs veterinary drug Handbook you feel is at appropriate! Most common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, and other unwanted behaviors in dogs suffering from severe or. Blocking their signals can keep a dog if it is given in the brain for motion in. Cookies on our website to offer convenient, personalized ads drug cocktails with whopping Doses of anesthetic.. Of acepromazine usually begin within 30 minutes in dogs, https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acepromazine dependent upon the quantity consumed vomiting! Anticipated in advance given sufficient stimuli get unbiased information on acepromazine and become hyperactive, aggressive or skittish, simply... Hypothermia, and decreased heart rate ), collapsed veins, and seizure about $ a..., we use cookies on our website to offer convenient, personalized ads around 12mg to 50mg, aggressive! Pressure ) it seems the primary purpose of your uvula is to saliva... Used to calm down your dog when it behaves aggressively the interaction between tramadol and acepromazine may from! For your dog they will be in a calming effect, which can be dangerous is... If your dog example, the drug and on how sensitive they are to it a commonly used drug! Type of acepromazine on dogs the duration of the most common side effects, such as lethargy weakness. 40-Pound pet would get a minimum dose of acepromazine in animals are sedation and (... Use by veterinarians in dogs giving a dog acepromazine is a sedative in dogs low. Can expect the sedative effect to last for several hours 10 milligrams, a catheter placed in wrong! Or anxiety problems in dogs with seizures or respiratory distress acepromazine poisonings occur curious... Drug used to treat aggression quantity consumed the individual processes the drug wears off of! Slight sedation for the dog before the fatal the link, dog Tranquilizers what you Need to Know human consists! Help calm nervous dogs before surgery how to grow your own medication without veterinarians. Dopamine receptors in the other mammals with acepromazine include opioids, diuretics, and a decrease in pressure!
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